Phonetics The stystematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language Phonology The study of language sounds Phonemes The smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language Morphemes The smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in language Morphology The sutdy of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language. Syntax The patterns or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences Grammar The entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax language family A group of languages descended from a single ancestral language Glottochronology a method for identifying the approzimate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor. Core vocabulary The most basic and longest-lasting words in any language. gendered speech distinc male and female speech patterns which vary across social and cultural settings. dialects varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social calsses and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible gestures facial expressions and body patterns that convery intended as well as subconscious messages kinesics a system and notating and analyzing postures, facial expressions, and body motions that convey messages proxemics the study of people's perception and use of space paralanguage specific voice effects tht accompany speech and contribute to communication tonal language a language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is essential the the word's meaning whistled speech exchange of whistled words using a phonetic emulation of the sounds produced in spoken voice; also known as whistled language personality the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves Margaret Mead Anthropologist that worked in the 1920's and 30's Coming of Age in Samoa; later criticized for accuracy worked with adolescence student of Franz; believed that culture socializes Ruth Benedict emotional "types" of cultures Apollonian (Zuni) v. Dionysian (Kwakiutl) Sapir All about the language! Strong: language affects culture Weak: language limits culture enculturation making people fit the model dependence v. independence cooperation v. individualism Orientations Object awareness spatial orientation temporal orientation normative orientation-- moral ideals/principles naming is crucial! modal personality statistical concept; most frequently occurring national character traditions; sometimes connected to hatred of oustiders chu core values; values promoted by a particular culture convergent evolution started in different places, developed similar cultural adaptations parallel evolution started similar... remained similar culture core cultural featurs that are fundamental in the societys way of making its living-- including food producing techniques, knowledge of available resources, and the work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local environment culture area a geographic region in which a number of societis follow similar patterns of life foraging hunting, fishing and gathering wild plant foods bushmen! hunters/gatherers are considered more sedentary organization: semi nomadic bands **can only forage a reasonable distance away from water egalitarian: equal division of labor; little to no surplus Neolithic the new stone age; now people have domesticated plants/food horticulture accomplished with simple hand held tools slash and burn or swidden farming is an example of this is a sustainable form of agriculture in areas of low population density agriculture producing food on farms; technology other than hand tools used, such as irrigation, fertilizers, etc. pastoralism breeding and managing large herds of domesticated grazing and browsing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, llamas, or camels. nomadic pastoralism winters in the summer, meadows in the winter