origin the base line of the energy crest high point on a wave trough low point on a wave amplitude distance from origin to crest wavelength distance from crest to crest Wavelength is abbreviated by the Greekletter lambda frequency The number of waves that pass a given point persecond. Different wavelengths of light Carry different amounts of energy per photon Have different frequencies Travel at the same speed EMISSION SPECTRA groundstate atom in the lowest possible state; theelectron’s starting energy level excited state Atom with excess energy wave model According to the theoryof wave mechanics,electrons do not moveabout an atom in adefinite path, like theplanets around the sun bohr model Electrons move in definiteorbits around the nucleus,much like planets circle thesun. Electrons jump betweenlevels by absorbing oremitting photo of a particularwavelength. ionization energy energy required to remove an electronfrom an individual atom isoelectronic When two elements and/or ions have the sameelectronic configurations chemical bond attractive force between atoms or ions that binds them together as a unit ionic bonding A type of chemical bonding that is the result oftransfer of electrons from one atom to another covalent compounds Form by the sharing of one or more pair ofvalence electrons by two atoms;• Nonmetal + Nonmetal molecular covalent Atoms are covalently connected in manyidentical units called molecules network covalent Valence electrons are shared among atomsthroughout the substance. metalic compounds (alloys) Formed by metallic ions sharing their electronsin a common “sea of valence electrons” electronegativity The ability of one atom to attract e- from another atom ionic bonds e- gained by strongatom and lost by weak atom polar covalent bonds e- shared unequally by 2atoms non polar covalent bonds e- shared equally by 2atoms dipoles 2 opposite charges separated by a smalldistance isomers Describes what occurs when two molecules havethe same chemical formula (same atoms) butdifferent structural formulas (bonds). what does VESPR satnd for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory what does the VESPR theory state? Electron pairs orient themselves to be as far apartas possible. intermolecular forces Attractive forces that occur between molecules polymer large chainlike molecules made from many smallmolecules called monomers Condensation polymerization a small molecule(often water) is released for each addition of amonomer to the polymer chain standard temperature and poressure (stp) 1 atm (or the equivalent inanother unit) and 0°C (273 K) standard molar volume he volume of 1 moleof any gas at STP = 22.4 L energy The ability to do work or produceheat potential energy energy due toposition or composition. Kinetic energy energy due to themotion of an object. Internal energy Sum of the kinetic and potentialenergies of all particles in thesystem. law of conservation of energy Energy can be converted from oneform to another, but cannot becreated or destroyed thermodynamics the study of energy temperature measure of the random motion (averagekinetic energy) of the particles that make upthe substance heat Heat is the flow of energy due to atemperature difference enthalpy Takes into account the internal energy ofthe sample along with the pressure andvolume exothermic A process in which energy (as heat) flows out ofa system into the surroundings. endothermic A process in which energy (as heat) flows intothe system from the surroundings; energy isabsorbed from their surroundings. solution homogeneous mixture, in whichone material completely dissolves in another. solvent the dissolving medium in a solution solute the substance dissolved in the solventto make a solution what are Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolving surface area stirring temperature concentration Any measurement of how much solute is dissolvedin a solution saturated solution Solution containing as much solute as will dissolve at thattemperature. unsaturated Solution in which more solute can dissolve at thattemperature supersaturated Solution containing more solute than a saturated solutionwill hold at that temperature mass percent a concentration unit that usesmass of the solute and mass of solution molarity a concentration unit that usesmoles of the solute and Liters of solution dilution the process of adding solvent to asolution to lower the concentration of solute. The Bronsted-Lowry Model states that... Acid – proton donor Base – proton acceptor pH scale a scale to measure the acidity of asample or Logarithmic scale of theacidity of a solution 3 ways to measure pH Liquid indicators Universal indicator Paper Indicators (litmus paper) pH meters or pH probes logarithm The number of times abase must be multiplied by itself toreach a given number pOH scale Logarithmic scale of thealkalinity of a solution titration A technique in which a solution of knownconcentration (standardized solution) is used todetermine the concentration of another solution standardized solution A solution in which the concentration is accuratelyknown End Point (or Stoichiometric Point) When there is no reactant left over—all reactants havereacted and the solution contains only products indicators Paper or liquid that changes color based on pHlevel. Titration curve (pH curve) A plot of pH of solution versus volume of titrantadded to a given solution buret A device used for the accurate measurement of thedelivery of a given volume of liquid or solution.